Very Important Mnemonics In Microbiology 2

E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors 
DUNG:
Diarrhea
UTI
Neonatal meningitis
Gram negative sepsis
· Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

Streptococcus pyrogenes: antibody SPAM:
Streptococcus Pyogenes: Antibody to Mprotein.

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused SOFT PAINS:
Skin infections
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Sepsis

Gram staining: mechanism "Murein gets the red out" [Allusion
to an old eye-wash slogan]:
Peptidoglycan (aka murein) remains purple during Gram staining. The Gram
negatives, devoid of murein, are red.
Thus, murein prevents redness and are purple (positive).

Entameoba histolytica: disease caused, action EntAmoeba
causes Amoebic dysEntery.
Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.

Clostridium difficile: disease caused "Difficult to
be in a Closet with someone having explosive foul smelling
diarrhea, because it would smell and there would be no air in there.
Clostridium Difficile causes explosive foul smelling diarrhea
and is an anaeorbe (no air).

Pneumonia: acute pneumonia infiltrates from different causes
"Pyrogenic=PMN, Miscellaneous=Mononuclear":
Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria: PMN infiltrate.
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes: Mononuclear
infiltrate.

Klebsiella details You tell the patient: "Get UPS you
fat alcoholic":
UTI
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Fat capsule
Get up=nonmotile since no flagella.
Alcoholic=commonly seen in alcoholicand nosocomial patients.

Pseudomonas details · See diagram of patient.
Patient: bug commonly infects nosocomial.
Oxygen tank: oxidase positive.
IV bag: has glucose and lactose, so its OK to give because its a nonlactose
fermenter.
Why giving oxygen? Because it commonly caused pneumonia.
IV in the arm: supposed to signify sepsis.
The foley: UTI.
Burn on his foot: can infect burns.

Leprosy: early signs diagnostic criteria "LEProsy":
Loss of sensation in affected skin/ Loss of function (paralysis)
Enlargement of affected superficial nerves (tender too)
Positive identification of M. leprae under microscope

Kidney transplant virus "Borrowed Kidney":
BKvirus is associated with kidney transplants.

Endotoxin features ENDOTOXIN:
Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
DIC/ Death
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: culture identification "Rough,
Tough, Buff":
Rough: colony isn't smooth but rough like breadcrumbs.
Tough: colony stuck to plate well, and tough to remove.
Buff: buff is a color, a cream/coffee shade.

Vibrio: motility "Vibrio Vibrates":
Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.

Very Important Mnemonics In Microbiology

Microbiology Mnemonics

 

 

Meningitis: most common organisms NHS:
Neisseria meningitidis
Hemophilus Influenzae
Streptococcus pneumonia
·The cause of the most Severe meningitis is Streptococcus.
· Note: NHS is an acronym for National Health Service in several countries.

Syphilis vs. H. ducreyi (chancroid): which ulcer is painful
"In du-crey-i, you do cry (because it is painful)":
In H. ducreyi, the ulcer is painful, in syphilis the ulcer is painless.

Diphtheria toxin properties ABCDEF:
A/B-type toxin. Made by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which binds to
EF-2 (elongation factor 2).

RNA viruses: negative stranded "Always Bring
Polymerase Or Fail Replication":
Arena
Bunya
Paramyxo
Orthomyxo
Filo
Rhabdo
· Note: Negative RNA viruses need there own polymerase.

Picorna viridae: members PEECoRnA (Picorna is
pronounced 'pee-corna')
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Enterovirus
Coronavirus
"R'novirus" (Rhinovirus)
Hepatitis A

Streptococcus pneumoniae: diseases caused COMPS:
Conjunctivitis
Otitis media
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Sinusitis

Catalase positive organims SPACE:
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas
Aspergillus
Candida
Enterobacter

Urease positive organisms PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus)
Helicobacter pylori

Vaccines: types STARK:
Subunit
Toxoid
Attenuated [live]
Recombinant
Killed [inactivated]

AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing "The
Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell
Collapse":
Toxoplasma gondii
M. avium intracellulare
Pneumocystis carinii
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Tuberculosis
CMV
Cryptosporidium parvum

Tetanus: treatment for infection SAD RAT:
Sedation
Antitoxin
Debridement
Relaxant
Antibiotic
Tracheostomy

Placenta-crossing organisms/ antenatal Infections STARCH:
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
AIDS (HIV)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes/ Hepatitis

Typhus: Epidemic Typhus: etiologic agent, vector ePidemic
typhus:
Etiological agent: Rickettsia Prowazekii.
Vector: Pediculus corporis (human body louse).
· This is in contrast to Endemic typhus.

Capsulated bacteria "Some Bacteria Have
An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding
Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing":
Strep pneumonia
Bacteroides
H. influenza
Anthrax (B. anthracis)
E. coli
Pasteurella
Salmonella
Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis)
Yersinia pestis
Pseudomonas
Francisella
Brucella
Klebsiella

Hepatitis: transmission routes "Vowels are bowels":
Hepatitis A and E transmitted by fecal-oralroute.

Capsulated microbes "Some Nasty Killers
Have Some Capsule Protection":
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pnemoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Salmonella typhi
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pseudomanas aerigenosa

Pneumonia: causes: gram negative vs. gram positive Gram Negatives
(eg coliforms) are responsible mainly for Nosocomial pneumonia.
Gram positives (eg strep pneumonia, staph) are thus more responsible for
community acquired pneumonia.

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations "Having
Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children
A Nightmare":
Headache
Fever
Sore throat
Chills
Myalgias
Malaise
Cough
Anorexia
Nasal congestion

UTI-causing microorganisms KEEPS:
Klebsiella
Enterococcus faecalis/ Enterobacter cloacae
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeroginosa/ Proteus mirabilis
Staphylococcus saprophyticcus/ Serratia marcescens

Psedomonas aeruginosa: features AERUGINOSA:
Aerobic
Exotoxin A
Rod/ Resistance
UTIs, burns, injuries
Green-blue dressings
Iron-containing lesions
Negative gram
Odor of grapes
Slime capsule sometimes (in CF pt)
Adherin pili

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations "My Cat Eats
Mice":
Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis

Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body location Elementary:
Extracellular
Initial: Intracellular

Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused "I went on a TRYP
to AFRICA":
TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness

RNA enveloped viruses FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:
Flavivirus/ Filo
Orthomyxo
Retro
Toga
Arena
Bunya
Corona
Paramyxo
Rhabdo

Teratogens: placenta-crossing organisms ToRCHeS:
Toxoplasma
Rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster (varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E
Syphilis
· Alternatively: TORCHES: with Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV
to H's, Enteroviruses.

E. coli: major subtypes, key point of each "HIT by E.
coli outbreak":
EnteroHemorrhagic:
· HUS from Hamburgers
EnteroInvasive:
· Immune-mediated Inflammation
EnteroToxigenic:
· Traveller's diarrhea

Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowing ABC:
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

Common cold: viral causes "Common cold (acute infectious
rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily caused by":
Paramyxoviruses
Rhinoviruses
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused NIPPLES:
Necrotising fasciitis and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis
Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TSS

Picornavirus: features PICORNAvirus:
Positive sense
ICOsahedral
RNAvirus

Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis
Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.
MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter.
· Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the classic test
to distinguish the Neisseria types.

RNA viruses: negative stranded "Orthodox Rhabbi's
Party Around Fine Bunnies":
Orthomyxo
Rhabdo
Paramyxo
Arena
Filo
Bunya

RNA viruses: positive stranded "Pico Called 
Flavio To Return Renzo's Corona":
Picorna
Calici
Flavi
Toga
Retro
Reo
Corona

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it "High Tech
Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":
Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR

Endocarditis: causes of culture negative endocarditis "With
Negative Tests, Investigators Should Focus 
Attention Somewhere Meaningful":
Wrong diagnosis
Noninfectious endocarditis
Timing (cultures drawn at end of chronic course)
obligate Intracellular organisms
Slow growing fastidious organisms
Fungal infection
Antibiotic used previously
Subacute right-sided endocarditis
Mural endocarditis

Endocarditis: indications for surgery PUS RIVER:
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (most cases)
Uncontrolled infection
Supporative local complications with conduction abnormalities
Resection of mycotic aneurysm
Ineffective antimicrobial therapy (eg Vs fungi)
Valvular damage (significant)
Embolization (repeated systemic)
Refractory congestive heart failure

Meningitis: risk factors "Can Induce Severe
Attacks Of Head PAINS":
Cancer
Immunocompromised state
Sinusitis
Age extremes
Otitis
Head trauma
Parameningeal infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures
Splenectomy

HIV infection: high-risk groups HIV:
Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs
IVdrug abusers

Trichomaniasis: features · 5 F's:
Flagella
Frothy discharge
Fishy odor (sometimes)
Fornication (STD)
Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion "ATE eggs":
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuira
Enterobius vermicularis
spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite)

Food poisoning: bugs inducing "Eating Contaminated
Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":
E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

B19 virus: at-risk groups B19 affects 3 B's:
Babies (5th disease, infectiousum erythematosa)
Black Bleeders (sickle cell anemics - anaplastic anemic crisis)
Bearing Babies [pregnant women] (hydrops fetalis)

IgA protease-producing bacteria "Nice Strip of Ham":
Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza

Hemophilius: culture requirements Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":
· Needs Heme with Factors Fiveand Ten.

DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb DNA:
Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry
· Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).

Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factors SMASHED:
Streptolysins
M protein
Anti-C5a peptidase
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
DNAses

Gram positive stain Gram Positives
Stain Purple (violet-blue)
because of their thick Peptidoglycan layer

Gram+: bacterial cell wall · Gram+ has:
+hick pepidoglycan layer.
+eichoic acid in wall.

Listeria: motility Istanbul sounds like Listambul =
list + tumble.
Listeria has tumblingmotility.

Staphylococci: novobiocin test to distinguish coagulase negative
staphylococci Staph epidermidis stays away from the novobiocin
disc like an epidemic.
· Therefore, epidermidis is sensitive to novobiocin.
Staph saprophyticus, much friendlier, comes up to the disc and says, "'sap?'"
[short for "whassup?", ie "what's up"].
· Therefore, saprophyticus is novobiocin resistant.

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation
"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke":
Sore throat: 1 week ago
Face bloat: facial edema
Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine
· Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat and coke".

Streptococci: classification by hemolytic ability Gamma:
Garbage (no hemolytic activity).
Alpha: Almost (almost lyse, but incomplete).
Beta: Best (complete lysis).

Streptococci: Quellung reaction: positive sign, Strep type confirmed
"Quell-lung":
Quell: Capsules swell [+ve test].
Lung: S. pnuemonia [type confirmed].
· You get pneumonia in your lung.

Medical Students' Disease

Medical students' disease (also known as second year syndrome or intern's syndrome) is a condition frequently reported in medical students, who perceive themselves to be experiencing the symptoms of a disease that they are studying.
The condition is associated with the fear of contracting the disease in question. Some authors suggested that the condition must be referred to as nosophobia rather than "hypochondriasis", because the quoted studies show a very low percentage of hypochondriacal character of the condition, and hence the term "hypochondriasis" would have ominous therapeutic and prognostic indications. The reference suggests that the condition is associated with immediate preoccupation with the symptoms in question, leading the student to become unduly aware of various casual psychological and physiological dysfunctions; cases show little correlation with the severity of psychopathology, but rather with accidental factors related to learning and experience.

Baars (2001) writes that medical students who study "frightening diseases" for the first time routinely experience vivid delusions of having contracted such diseases, and describes it as a "temporary kind of hypochondria". Baars says that the experience is so common that it has become known as "medical student syndrome".

Hodges (2004), reviewing the literature, said that "the first descriptions of medical students' disease appeared in the 1960s." He may have been referring to the phrase, for the phenomenon itself was noted much earlier. George Lincoln Walton (1908) reported that

Medical instructors are continually consulted by students who fear that they have the diseases they are studying. The knowledge that pneumonia produces pain in a certain spot leads to a concentration of attention upon that region which causes any sensation there to give alarm. The mere knowledge of the location of the appendix transforms the most harmless sensations in that region into symptoms of serious menace.
Hodges also said that it was suggested in the 1960s that:

this phenomenon caused a significant amount of stress for students and was present in approximately 70 to 80 percent of students... papers written in the 1980s and 1990s conceptualized the condition as an illness in the psychiatric spectrum of hypochondriasis.... Marcus found that the dream content of year two medical students frequently involved a preoccupation with personal illness. Marcus's subjects reported many dreams in which they suffered illnesses of the heart, the eyes and the bowels, among others.
Hodges went on to describe work by Moss-Morris and Pétrie who saw medical students' disease as "a normal perceptual process, rather than a form of hypochondriasis." Learning about a disease "creates a mental schema or representation of the illness which includes the label of the illness and the symptoms associated with the condition. Once this representation is formed, symptoms or bodily sensations that the individual is currently experiencing which are consistent with the schema may be noticed, while inconsistent symptoms are ignored."

Howes and Salkovskis (1998) noted that "medical students frequently develop fears and symptoms of illness. This has been termed medical student's disease, nosophobia, hypochondriasis of medical students, and medicalstudentitis." They mentioned two studies, one concluding that about 70% of medical students have groundless medical fears during their studies, and one which found that 78.8% of a randomly chosen sample of medical students showed a history of "medical student disease." However, they cite a  of studies showing a similar incidence of hypochondria in law students and other non-medical students, which they said call into question "the widely held view that medical students are more likely than others to have excessive anxiety about their health."

Adapted from wiki

Mnemonics in Surgery; Hernias of Abdominal Wall

Think of the abdomen as a bucket, or PAIL that contains the viscera.

These are the four groups of hernias:

Pelvic hernias: obturator, perineal, sciatic.

Anterior hernias: epigastric, incisional, Spigelian, supravesical, umbilical. 

Inguinal hernias: indirect, direct, femoral.

Lumbar hernias: inferior lumbar triangle (Petit), superior lumbar triangle (Grynfelt)

Mnemonics in Surgery

Fistulas: conditions preventing closure

FRIEND:

Foreign body

Radiation

Infection/ Inflammation (Crohn)

Epithelialization

Neoplasia

Distal obstruction

Behold Nigeria's Most Expensive University Emerges

Afe Babalola university ado-ekiti emerges as the most expensive university due to the current hike in school fees with medical students paying about 2.6million naira per session! 

Funny right? 

Advice to jambites: put your head were your cash is... 
We have cheaper schools in the north where you could pay only 35k a session! e. g Unimaid  lol....

NEW MNEMONICS FOR YOU

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

Oral
Rectal
Inhalation
Transdermal
Topical
Sublingual
Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
*Red often suits tall Indian temptresses
probably in Indian summers
NB: 'probably' in the mnemonic stands for 'parenteral' as the 3 routes of drug administration are parenteral...

STAGES OF ERYTHROCYTES MATURATION
Proerythrocyte
Basophil erythrocyte
Polychromatophilic erythrocyte
Orthochromic erythrocyte
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte

*Proud babes pick only rich elders

BRANCHES OF FEMORAL ARTERY
Superficial epigastric
Superficial iliac circumflex
Superficial external pudendal
Deep external pudendal
Deep femoral
Descending genicular

*Screw stupid sources, develop defining discoveries